GPT 6 Astra Ultra attempt on Math-5915

Erdős Problem 814

Statement and scope of the attempt.

The general proof remains unresolved in this write-up; the underlying problem is known to be solved. For fixed $k\geq2$ and $n\geq k-1$, suppose an $n$-vertex graph has at least \[ (k-1)(n-k+2)+\binom{k-2}{2}+1 =(k-1)n-\binom{k}{2}+2 \tag{1} \] edges. Must it have an induced subgraph of minimum degree at least $k$ on at most $(1-c_k)n$ vertices, for some $c_k>0$? The question is known to have an affirmative answer by Sauermann. This attempt proves the full case $k=2$, a proper-subgraph conclusion for every $k$, and a further case with bounded maximum degree. It does not reconstruct the general linear-saving argument.

The peeling bound.

A graph is $(k-1)$-degenerate if every nonempty subgraph has a vertex of degree at most $k-1$. Repeatedly deleting such vertices gives, for $N\geq k-1$, \[ e(H)\leq(k-1)(N-k+1)+\binom{k-1}{2} =(k-1)N-\binom{k}{2}. \tag{2} \] Indeed, charge at most $k-1$ edges to each of the first $N-k+1$ deleted vertices, and at most $\binom{k-1}{2}$ to the remaining vertices. Thus any graph exceeding $2$ has a nonempty subgraph of minimum degree at least $k$; taking the induced graph on the same vertices preserves that property.

One vertex can always be saved.

Suppose a graph satisfying $1$ has no proper induced subgraph of minimum degree at least $k$. By $2$, the whole graph must have minimum degree at least $k$. Its minimum degree cannot exceed $k$, because if every degree were at least $k+1$, deleting any vertex would leave minimum degree at least $k$.

Choose a vertex $v$ of degree exactly $k$. By the assumption, $G-v$ is $(k-1)$-degenerate. Therefore \[ e(G)=e(G-v)+k \leq(k-1)(n-1)-\binom{k}{2}+k =(k-1)n-\binom{k}{2}+1, \] contradicting $1$. Hence some such induced subgraph has at most $n-1$ vertices. The value $1/n$ obtained for the removed fraction is not a constant depending only on $k$, so this does not settle the full problem.

Why the extra edge is necessary.

Take a cycle of length $\ell=n-k+2\geq3$, a clique on $k-2$ vertices, and all edges between them. There are \[ (k-1)\ell+\binom{k-2}{2} =(k-1)n-\binom{k}{2}+1 \] edges, one fewer than in $1$. Every cycle vertex has degree exactly $k$. An induced subgraph of minimum degree at least $k$ containing a cycle vertex must contain both of its cycle neighbours and all clique vertices. Repetition around the cycle forces the whole graph. A subgraph containing only clique vertices has minimum degree at most $k-3$. Thus no proper subgraph works. For $k=2$, this construction is simply a cycle.

The complete case $k=2$.

Now $1$ says $e(G)\geq n+1$. Some connected component has at least two more edges than a spanning tree. Keep a spanning tree and two additional edges, and then prune leaves. The resulting connected graph has minimum degree at least two and exactly two independent cycles. Suppressing degree-two vertices gives one of three possibilities: two cycles meeting at one vertex; two disjoint cycles joined by a path; or three internally disjoint paths with the same endpoints (a theta graph). To see that this list is exhaustive, the pruned graph satisfies $\sum_v(d(v)-2)=2$, so it has either one degree-four vertex or two degree-three vertices; all other vertices have degree two.

In either two-cycle case, the two cycle lengths sum to at most $n+1$, so one has length at most $(n+1)/2$. In the theta case, let the three path lengths be $a,b,c$. Their union has $a+b+c-1\leq n$ vertices, and the shortest of its three cycles has length at most \[ \min(a+b,a+c,b+c)\leq\frac{2(a+b+c)}3 \leq\frac{2(n+1)}3. \] Thus in every case there is a cycle of length at most $2(n+1)/3$. The edge assumption is impossible for $n\leq3$. For $n=4$, the integral cycle length is at most three; for $n\geq5$, $2(n+1)/3\leq4n/5$. The graph induced on the cycle vertices has minimum degree at least two, even if there are chords. We have proved the requested conclusion with \[ c_2=1/5. \] This uniform value is sharp when all admissible orders are included: $K_{2,3}$ has five vertices and six edges, and its smallest subgraph of minimum degree two has four vertices.

A bounded-degree case for general $k$.

If, in addition, $\delta(G)\geq k+1$ and $\Delta(G)\leq D$, greedily choose a set $S$ whose distinct vertices have distance at least three. A vertex has at most $1+D+D(D-1)=D^2+1$ vertices within distance two, so we may ensure $|S|\geq n/(D^2+1)$. Every vertex outside $S$ has at most one neighbour in $S$. Consequently \[ \delta(G-S)\geq k, \qquad |V(G-S)|\leq\left(1-\frac1{D^2+1}\right)n. \] In particular this supplies a constant removed fraction whenever $D$ is bounded in terms of $k$. The general hypothesis allows many degree-$k$ vertices and arbitrarily large maximum degree, so this argument has a genuine limitation.

Attribution, remaining gap, and assessment.

The extremal wheel and the peeling argument are classical parts of the Erdős--Faudree--Rousseau--Schelp problem. L. Sauermann proved the full theorem with $c_k=\Omega(k^{-3})$: A proof of a conjecture of Erdős, Faudree, Rousseau and Schelp on subgraphs of minimum degree $k$, https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.09979. Her colouring and deletion argument is not supplied here. The missing step is a deletion of $c_kn$ vertices under $1$ alone for general $k\geq3$, without the additional degree assumptions. See https://www.erdosproblems.com/814, checked 24 September 2026. This is partial proof reconstruction of a solved problem, not a claim of a new solution; no local Lean verification is claimed.

Completion rate estimate: 65%.