The exact GFF variance of balanced six-vertex heights
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Statement recorded in the supplied source.
For square-lattice six-vertex weights $a=b=1$ and fixed $0<c\leq 2$, does the prescribed iterated balanced-torus infinite-volume law exist, and do its rescaled heights modulo constants converge to a planar GFF with variance multiplier 1/arcsin(c/2)? Require joint finite-energy zero-mass measure tests, convergence in the stated negative Besov and Sobolev restriction spaces, and all separated height-increment moments.Short English statement
For square-lattice six-vertex weights $a=b=1$ and fixed $0<c\leq 2$, does the prescribed iterated balanced-torus infinite-volume law exist, and do its rescaled heights modulo constants converge to a planar GFF with variance multiplier 1/arcsin(c/2)? Require joint finite-energy zero-mass measure tests, convergence in the stated negative Besov and Sobolev restriction spaces, and all separated height-increment moments.Sources
- S1 Original question source or mathematical context. https://github.com/openai/math/blob/adc7f1241b42e322a6451854ab7e4b4c146bf78a/preprints/The-Gaussian-free-field-limit-of-the-balanced-six-vertex-model-with-variance-multiplier-1-over-arcsin-c-over-2-September-23-2026/build/sections/01-introduction.tex.
- S2 OpenAI, manuscript citation page. Source of the formulation motivating this local problem. https://github.com/openai/math/blob/adc7f1241b42e322a6451854ab7e4b4c146bf78a/preprints/The-Gaussian-free-field-limit-of-the-balanced-six-vertex-model-with-variance-multiplier-1-over-arcsin-c-over-2-September-23-2026/README.md.
Statement licence: CC-BY-4.0 · Source file
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OpenAI claim summary for Math-2864
Balanced-torus six-vertex heights at $a=b=1$ and $0<c\leq2$ are claimed to converge to a Gaussian free field with squared multiplier $1/\arcsin(c/2)$. The question retains these same parameters and conventions. Within these assumptions, this is a claimed affirmative answer to the stated question.
The exact GFF variance of balanced six-vertex heights
OpenAI's claim
OpenAI presents a proof in the selected manuscript. Balanced-torus six-vertex heights at $a=b=1$ and $0<c\leq2$ are claimed to converge to a Gaussian free field with squared multiplier $1/\arcsin(c/2)$.Mathematical statement of the claimed result
Result 1.
Use balanced-torus six-vertex weights $(a,b,c)=(1,1,c)$, $0<c\le2$, conditioning each vertical column to equal left/right arrow counts. Take first horizontal size to infinity, then even vertical size, and height steps of one. The source claims that the resulting plane law exists and, modulo constants, \[ h_\delta\Longrightarrow\sigma(c)\Gamma,\quad \sigma(c)^2=\frac1{\arcsin(c/2)},\quad G(x,y)=-\frac1{2\pi}\log|x-y|. \] For compactly supported zero-mass finite-energy signed measures $\mu_i$, pairings converge to centered Gaussian covariance $\sigma(c)^2\iint G\,d\mu_i\,d\mu_j$. On any bounded open $U$, convergence and tightness also hold in $B^\alpha_{\infty,\infty}(U)$, $B^\alpha_{p,q}(U)$, and $W^{\alpha,p}(U)$, for $-1<\alpha<0$, $1\le p<\infty$, $1\le q\le\infty$, with common pinning. For disjoint endpoint pairs, increment moments converge uniformly on compact configurations to \[ \sigma(c)^k\sum_{\pi\text{ pairing}}\prod_{\{i,j\}\in\pi} [G(u_i',u_j')-G(u_i',u_j)-G(u_i,u_j')+G(u_i,u_j)], \] with odd moments zero. No uniqueness among all plane Gibbs states or slopes is asserted.Outline of the argument
Finite row scalar products produce thermodynamic transfer kernels and an angular spectrum. The covariance is fixed by these kernels, chiral current identities determine Gaussian higher correlations, and smearing moment bounds give distributional convergence, including the endpoint parameter.Formal verification
Family 225 has no Lean scope page in this release. Its selected result is not presented as formalized. This site has not executed the Lean code. The scope descriptions do not certify the remaining manuscript arguments.Status caveat
OpenAI attributes these manuscripts to work by an internal model. Its release cautions that arguments without formalization can contain mistakes. This catalogue has not independently checked the proofs; the labels report the mathematical claims attributed to OpenAI.Sources
- OpenAI, The Gaussian free field limit of the balanced six-vertex model with variance multiplier 1/arcsin$c/2$, 2026-09-23; citation key
OAI:The-Gaussian-free-field-limit-of-the-balanced-six-vertex-model-with-variance-multiplier-1-over-arcsin-c-over-2-September-23-2026. PDF (GitHub); PDF (direct); Manuscript page and citation; Latest version; Statement source: thm:main. - OpenAI catalogue entry.