## Problem 075 — rank:325

**Title:** Spatially variable-gene inference

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Impose a centering constraint on $f_g$ and remove overlap with the nuisance-covariate span; otherwise spatial effects are not identifiable separately from intercepts or spatially patterned covariates. Specify the smoothness ball, design measure in the $L^2$ norm, minimum sampling density and dependence model. Uniform power is requested only above a signal separation justified for that sample size.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.