## Problem 012 — rank:212

**Title:** Respiratory-chain supercomplex function

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
The corrected contrast is a controlled direct effect with complex abundances and membrane potential jointly set to $(n_0,m_0)$. It is defined only when those joint interventions are physically meaningful and supported. Merely conditioning on post-assembly potential can create selection bias and does not estimate that contrast. Separately report the total assembly-perturbation effect, allowing potential and abundance to change.
```

**Direct edits:** 1. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.