## Problem 309 — rank:291

**Title:** Rapid diversification of flowering plants

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Unrestricted time-varying diversification histories are not uniquely identified from extant timetrees alone; the declared restrictions and fossil observations must supply additional information. A supplied posterior tree ensemble must not be treated as new independent data when reusing its underlying sequences or fossils. Rate contrasts propagate tree, trait, extinction and sampling uncertainty jointly. Held-out clades test prediction, not by themselves a causal innovation effect.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** SC12