## Problem 118 — rank:10

**Title:** Psychiatric circuit causality

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Define the complete treatment policy after time $t$ and the pretreatment conditioning population for $\Delta_h(a)$; later interventions cannot be left unspecified. Within-person crossover designs require a carryover model or washout assumption. Time-varying medication and symptoms can confound treatment assignment. Personalized latent states are identified only through anchored observations and supported intervention contrasts.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.