## Problem 164 — rank:157

**Title:** Polygenic adaptation

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Use expected terminal allele frequencies under the two population processes unless a cross-world coupling is explicitly part of the estimand. A shared demographic law does not canonically pair individual stochastic drift realizations. Hold effect definitions and initial state fixed in the selection-removal intervention. The resulting contrast is model-dependent and need not be identifiable from observational allele-frequency changes without the stated nuisance restrictions.
```

**Direct edits:** 1. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.