## Problem 120 — rank:83

**Title:** Neurovascular coupling

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Supply the neural input history for negative times or an explicit initialization term, and make the kernel causal with stated spatial boundary conditions. Mass balance applies to hidden physiological flow/oxygen states, not directly to every BOLD signal. Fix the observation map, units and covariate-history dependence; an instantaneous $z_t$ dependence is a restricted ansatz to test, not a general physiological law.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.