## Problem 196 — rank:171

**Title:** Metacommunity dynamics

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Declare the joint law of initial populations, environmental histories and any parameter uncertainty in the finite-horizon event; otherwise the ODE event is deterministic. Boundary invasion tests must cover the relevant resident invariant measures, not only single-species equilibria when resident cycles are possible. An edge-budget intervention preserves nonnegative dispersal rates and column conservation and states whether return movement or travel mortality changes.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.