## Problem 160 — rank:33

**Title:** Linking microevolution to macroevolution

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
The quantity $R_{ij}$ is normalized gene exchange, so smaller values indicate greater isolation. Pairwise thresholding is not transitive and therefore does not uniquely define species: specify a partition and split/merge update rule, including reconnection during the persistence interval. Bounds for $k\leq K$ do not control the unobserved count tail; add a tail bound or use total variation on the full count law when claiming a distributional approximation.
```

**Direct edits:** 1. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.