## Problem 211 — rank:98

**Title:** Joint phylodynamic inference

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Account for genealogy reconstruction and molecular-clock uncertainty by integrating over latent genealogies under a sequence likelihood, unless the dated genealogy is explicitly idealized as observed without error. Sampling is non-removing under the stated convention, so formulas from removal-on-sampling models cannot be imported unchanged. Restrict the target ratio to intervals with a positive removal-rate lower bound and distinguish identifiability of ratios from that of their separate rates.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.