## Problem 172 — rank:162

**Title:** Genomic basis of local adaptation

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
The displayed contrast is local-versus-foreign performance in environment $e$, not by itself a complete reciprocal home-versus-away interaction. To claim local adaptation across both sites, test the appropriate paired contrasts with the same reference genotypes. Require positive reproductive fitness for log effects or explicitly model lethal outcomes. Genetic manipulations must preserve the declared background; ancestry adjustment alone does not supply missing genotype support.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.