## Problem 200 — rank:242

**Title:** General disease ecology

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Interpret $\mathcal I$ as a fully specified intervention-generated law, not as ordinary conditioning on the observed presence of a host assemblage. The next-generation spectral-radius threshold is an established result under its assumptions, whereas burden is a nonlinear finite-horizon quantity requiring initial infection and observation laws. A sign-identification target should permit an inconclusive result when zero remains in the joint uncertainty interval.
```

**Direct edits:** 1. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.