## Problem 322 — rank:203

**Title:** Evolution of menopause

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Resident growth discounting and offspring reproductive values are needed for an invasion-based age-structured comparison; the undiscounted unweighted expression is the stationary, equal-value special case. Define kin increments conditional on the focal individual's survival status consistently with $l_a(t)$. To claim that an interior age is favored, require it to be interior and to exceed the declared endpoint strategies by a positive margin, rather than merely belonging to a flat argmax set.
```

**Direct edits:** 4. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.