## Problem 161 — rank:277

**Title:** Effective population size from genomic data

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
The displayed hazard relation uses a continuous-time coalescent approximation with time measured in generations; discrete-generation survival probabilities need the corresponding discrete hazard. In a structured model, an inverse pairwise hazard is a sampling-dependent effective-size summary, not a unique deme census history. Normalize the weights with their time units and bound the target functional. Minimum epoch duration and observable separation are needed for a nonvacuous uniform finite-sample guarantee.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** SC13