## Problem 198 — rank:97

**Title:** Ecosystem resilience and tipping points

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Evaluate warnings only while the system has not yet exited: the sensitivity event is $t<\tau\leq t+H$, not an event including exits already observed before $t$. Require positive conditioning probabilities. Distinguish a single-decision false-alarm probability from repeated-monitoring error over a trajectory. Frozen-driver basin distance and noise-driven operational exit risk are different estimands, especially under a moving driver.
```

**Direct edits:** 1. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.