## Problem 139 — rank:147

**Title:** Developmental canalisation

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Standardize environmental perturbations before taking sensitivity norms, and identify whether derivatives are local at a reference environment or uniform on a class. Fitness and expression-cost terms require compatible units. Low sensitivity in an engineered or observed genotype establishes canalization, but an evolutionary explanation also requires a mutation--selection model or causal evolutionary comparison against drift and correlated selection.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.