## Problem 240 — rank:255

**Title:** Correlates of protection

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Allow the zero-dimensional baseline $Z=\varnothing$ when no marker adds information beyond exposure and covariates; otherwise dimension minimization artificially forces an unnecessary marker. Specify standardized feature units and finite encoder/predictor complexity. Small information loss and calibration need not imply useful discrimination, so report improvement over the covariate-only baseline. A transportable risk correlate remains distinct from a causal mediator or validated intervention surrogate.
```

**Direct edits:** 1. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.