## Problem 277 — rank:186

**Title:** Cell-free system scaling

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Define $P_V$ as a reactor-volume average or an explicitly sampled concentration, and distinguish active-product mean from a noisy batch realization. The positive reference $P_0$ has concentration units and is fixed before fitting. Continuous-volume guarantees require bounded model discrepancy and regularity between tested volumes. State hydrodynamic and batch-transfer assumptions rather than inferring similarity from volume alone.
```

**Direct edits:** 0. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.