## Problem 301 — rank:7

**Title:** Causal state models of ageing under specified interventions

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
Require the measured state dynamics and their observation law to fit independent state data as well as survival; otherwise a survival-only latent coordinate can obscure the causal claim. The death hazard is nonnegative and the conditional survival law is generated by its integrated hazard along the stochastic state path. Dimension minimization is within the fixed measured-feature class and is distinct from proving that one universal set of ageing causes applies across species.
```

**Direct edits:** 1. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.