## Problem 281 — rank:187

**Title:** Abiogenesis hazard under observer selection

**Added binding assumptions (LaTeX):**

```latex
The hazard formula is conditional on a specified chemical history and parameters, with survival up to each time included in the hazard definition. Random latent hazard histories require averaging the exponential, not exponentiating the mean integrated hazard. The observer-selection likelihood needs an explicit observation process. Laboratory environments constrain only the declared chemical submodel; planetary-rate inference additionally requires a separately justified scaling and environmental sampling law.
```

**Direct edits:** 1. **Fresh external checks:** None; supplied sources retained as provenance.